The three-terminal TL431 voltage regulator is commonly found in switching power converters and instrumentation as a voltage reference. It is seemingly simple, yet has subtleties, including missing ...

The first thing I ever built without a kit was a 5 V regulated power supply using the old LM309K. That’s a classic linear regulator like a 7805. While they are simple, they waste a lot of energy as ...

The supply voltage is shared between components in a series circuit, so the sum of the voltages across all of the components in a series circuit is equal to the supply voltage, \({V_s}\). if two ...

Process devices operate when an input level, such as voltage, reaches the required value for the device to operate. The transistor is on, when the input voltage is greater than or equal to \(0.7 V\).

Using simple components such as oil, salt water, lipids and proteins, plus routine genetic engineering techniques, it is possible to create simple nanofluidic ...

In this part, we go to greater depths to look at TL431 dynamics. Adjust your air regulator for the deeper dive. What is seen in the data sheet plots of gain and output resistance for some ...